Angol nyelvhasználat tanítóknak és óvodapedagógusoknak

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- 1. Introduction to time, tense and aspect
  - 1.1 The difference between times and tenses
  - 1.2 Aspects
  - 1.3 State verbs and action verbs
- 2. Past time
  - 2.1 Past simple
  - 2.2 Past continuous
  - 2.3 The difference between the past simple and the past continuous
  - 2.4 Past perfect
  - 2.5 The difference between the past simple and the past perfect
  - 2.6 Past perfect continuous
  - 2.7 The difference between the past perfect and the past perfect continuous
  - 2.8 Present simple to express past
  - 2.9 USED TO for past habits
  - Exercise 1
  - Exercise 2
  - Exercise 3
  - Exercise 4
  - Exercise 5
- 3. Present time
  - 3.1 Present simple
  - 3.2 Present continuous
  - 3.3 Present perfect
  - 3.4 Present perfect continuous
  - Exercise 1
  - Exercise 2
  - Exercise 3
  - Exercise 4
  - Exercise 5
- 4. Future time
  - 4.1 Future simple
  - 4.2 Future continuous
  - 4.3 Future perfect
  - 4.4 Future perfect continuous
  - 4.5 BE GOING TO
  - 4.6 Present simple for fixed future events
  - 4.7 Present continuous for fixed future arrangements
  - 4.8 The difference between WILL, BE GOING TO and the present continuous for future events
  - 4.9 Future time clauses
  - Exercise 1
  - Exercise 2
  - Exercise 3
  - Exercise 4
  - Exercise 5
- 5. Modals
  - 5.1 Types of modals
  - 5.2 Modals to express ability: CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO
  - 5.3 Modals to express advice: SHOULD, OUGHT TO, HAD BETTER
  - 5.4 Modals to express criticism: CAN, COULD, MIGHT, SHOULD
  - 5.5 Modals to express deduction: MUST, CAN'T, COULDN'T
  - 5.6 USED TO
  - 5.7 Modals to express intentions: BE GOING TO, WILL
  - 5.8 Modals to express obligation: MUST, HAVE (GOT) TO
  - 5.9 NEED
  - 5.10 Modals to express obligation: SHOULD, OUGHT TO
  - 5.11 Modals to express offers: CAN, COULD, WILL, SHALL, MAY
  - 5.12 Modals to express permission / prohibition: CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, BE ALLOWED TO, MUSTN'T
  - 5.13 Modals to express possibility: MAY, MIGHT, COULD
  - 5.14 Modals to express predictions: BE GOING TO, WILL
  - 5.15 Modals to express requests: CAN, COULD, WILL, WOULD
  - 5.16 Modals to express suggestions: SHOULD, COULD, MIGHT, SHALL
  - 5.17 The modal WOULD to express unreal situations
  - 5.18 Overview of modals
  - 5.19 Modals and adverbs
  - Exercise 1
  - Exercise 2
  - Exercise 3
  - Exercise 4
  - Exercise 5
- 6. Conditionals and unreal tenses
  - 6.1 Unreal tenses
  - 6.2 Conditionals
    - 6.2.1 Zero conditional
    - 6.2.2 First conditional
    - 6.2.3 Second conditional
    - 6.2.4 Third conditional
    - 6.2.5 Mixed conditionals
    - 6.2.6 IF, EVEN IF, ONLY IF, AS LONG AS, PROVIDED, SUPPOSING, UNLESS, IF NECESSARY, IF SO etc.
  - 6.3 WISH / IF ONLY
  - 6.4 IT'S (HIGH) TIME
  - 6.5 AS IF / AS THOUGH
  - 6.6 WOULD RATHER / WOULD SOONER
  - Exercise 1
  - Exercise 2
  - Exercise 3
  - Exercise 4
  - Exercise 5
- 7. Indirect speech
  - 7.1 The difference between direct and indirect speech
  - 7.2 Punctuation in direct speech
  - 7.3 Changes in indirect speech
  - 7.4 Reporting questions
  - 7.5 Reporting statements
  - 7.6 Reporting imperatives
  - 7.7 Reporting verb + THAT-clause
  - 7.8 Reporting verb + THAT-clause with SHOULD + infinitive
  - 7.9 Reporting verb + THAT-clause with the present subjunctive
  - 7.10 Reporting verb + gerund
  - 7.11 Reporting verb + TO-infinitive
  - 7.12 Reporting verb + object + TO-infinitive
  - 7.13 SAY, TELL and ASK
  - 7.14 Impersonal reporting
  - Exercise 1
  - Exercise 2
  - Exercise 3
  - Exercise 4
  - Exercise 5
  - Exercise 6
- Progress test 1
  - Exercise 1
  - Exercise 2
  - Exercise 3
  - Exercise 4
  - Exercise 5
- 8. Passive voice and causative structures
  - 8.1 Passive voice
    - 8.1.1 The difference between the active and passive voice
    - 8.1.2 Form: passive voice
    - 8.1.3 Verbs which cannot be used in the passive voice
    - 8.1.4 Ditransitive verbs in the passive voice
    - 8.1.5 The agent with the passive voice
    - 8.1.6 The use of the passive voice
    - 8.1.7 The passive with GET
    - 8.1.8 Passive voice with reporting verbs
  - 8.2 Causative structures
    - 8.2.1 Causative structures without an agent
    - 8.2.2 Causative structures with an agent
  - Exercise 1
  - Exercise 2
  - Exercise 3
  - Exercise 4
  - Exercise 5
  - Exercise 6
- 9. Non-finite verb forms
  - 9.1 The difference between finite and non-finite verb forms
  - 9.2 The infinitive
    - 9.2.1 The forms of the infinitive
    - 9.2.2 The "subject" of the infinitive
    - 9.2.3 The TO-infinitive to replace a relative clause
    - 9.2.4 The TO-infinitive after passive reporting verbs
    - 9.2.5 The infinitive after modals
    - 9.2.6 DO, DOES, DID + bare infinitive
    - 9.2.7 SEE, WATCH, HEAR, LISTEN, FEEL, SMELL, NOTICE + object + bare infinitive
    - 9.2.8 APPEAR, HAPPEN, PROVE, SEEM, TEND, TURN OUT + TO-infinitive
    - 9.2.9 HAVE, GET, LET, MAKE + object + infinitive
    - 9.2.10 Verb + TO-infinitive
    - 9.2.11 Verb + object + TO-infinitive
    - 9.2.12 Adjective + TO-infinitive
    - 9.2.13 The infinitive of purpose
    - 9.2.14 The infinitive of result
    - 9.2.15 Question word + TO-infinitive
    - 9.2.16 Introductory infinitive clauses
  - 9.3 The gerund
    - 9.3.1 The forms of the gerund
    - 9.3.2 The "subject" of the gerund
    - 9.3.3 The gerund as subject
    - 9.3.4 The gerund as a subject complement
    - 9.3.5 The gerund as the object of a verb
    - 9.3.6 Verb + gerund
    - 9.3.7 Preposition + gerund
    - 9.3.8 Verb + preposition + gerund
    - 9.3.9 The gerund used in compound nouns
    - 9.3.10 Other expressions followed by the gerund
    - 9.3.11 Verbs followed by the TO-infinitive or gerund with no difference in meaning
    - 9.3.12 Verbs followed by the TO-infinitive or gerund with a difference in meaning
  - 9.4 The participle
    - 9.4.1 The forms of the participle
    - 9.4.2 The "subject" of the participle
    - 9.4.3 The present participle used to form the continuous aspect
    - 9.4.4 The past participle used to form the perfect aspect
    - 9.4.5 The past participle used to form the passive voice
    - 9.4.6 The present and past participles used as adjectives
    - 9.4.7 SEE, WATCH, HEAR, LISTEN, FEEL, SMELL, NOTICE + object + present participle
    - 9.4.8 CATCH, FIND, LEAVE + object + present participle
    - 9.4.9 COME, GO + present participle
    - 9.4.10 SPEND, WASTE + object + present participle
    - 9.4.11 HAVE, GET + object + past participle
    - 9.4.12 Participle clauses
  - 9.5 The difference between the gerund and the present participle
  - Exercise 1
  - Exercise 2
  - Exercise 3
  - Exercise 4
  - Exercise 5
- 10. Relative clauses
  - 10.1 What is a relative clause?
  - 10.2 Defining relative clause
  - 10.3 Non-defining relative clause
  - 10.4 The difference between defining and non-defining relative clauses
  - 10.5 Sentential relative clause
  - 10.6 Relative pronouns: WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, WHICH, THAT
  - 10.7 Relative adverbs: WHERE, WHEN, WHY
  - 10.8 Prepositions in relative clauses
  - 10.9 Non-finite relative clauses
  - 10.10 WHAT and WHATEVER
  - 10.11 Cleft sentences
  - 10.12 Pseudo-cleft sentences
  - Exercise 1
  - Exercise 2
  - Exercise 3
  - Exercise 4
  - Exercise 5
  - Exercise 6
- 11. Inversion
  - 11.1 What is inversion?
  - 11.2 Subject-verb inversion
    - 11.2.1 Subject-verb inversion after place adverbials
    - 11.2.2 Subject-verb inversion in direct speech
    - 11.2.3 Subject-verb inversion in news headlines
  - 11.3 Subject-auxiliary inversion
    - 11.3.1 Subject-auxiliary inversion after negative adverbials
    - 11.3.2 Subject-auxiliary inversion in questions
    - 11.3.3 Subject-auxiliary inversion in question tags
    - 11.3.4 Subject-auxiliary inversion in echo tags
    - 11.3.5 Subject-auxiliary inversion with SO and NEITHER/NOR to express agreement
  - Exercise 1
  - Exercise 2
  - Exercise 3
  - Exercise 4
  - Exercise 5
- 12. Articles and nouns
  - 12.1 Articles
    - 12.1.1 The indefinite article (A, AN)
    - 12.1.2 The definite article (THE)
    - 12.1.3 The zero article (-)
  - 12.2 Countable and uncountable nouns
    - 12.2.1 The difference between countable and uncountable nouns
    - 12.2.2 Nouns with countable and uncountable meanings
    - 12.2.3 Determiners with countable and uncountable nouns (SOME, ANY, NO, MANY, MUCH, FEW, LITTLE etc.)
    - 12.2.4 Partitive expressions with uncountable nouns
    - 12.2.5 Nouns which are always plural
    - 12.2.6 Nouns with a plural form and a singular meaning
    - 12.2.7 Nouns with the same singular and plural forms
    - 12.2.8 Irregular plural forms
  - Exercise 1
  - Exercise 2
  - Exercise 3
  - Exercise 4
  - Exercise 5
  - Exercise 6
  - Exercise 7
- Progress test 2
  - Exercise 1
  - Exercise 2
  - Exercise 3
  - Exercise 4
  - Exercise 5
- Appendix
  - Irregular verb forms
  - Spelling rules

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# 5.18 Overview of modals

Modal verbs, semi-modal verbs (also called marginal modals) and other modal expressions are listed in alphabetical order in the table below. For a detailed discussion of each modal see the previous chapters.

Form | Meaning/Function | Present/Future | Past
--- | --- | --- | ---
be able to | general ability | I am not able to help you at the moment. I will probably be able to get there by nine. | I was able to swim when I was 5.
"manage to" |  | Although the current was strong, I was able to swim to the other bank.
be allowed to | general permission | Are we allowed to smoke in this restaurant? Will journalists be allowed to ask questions? |
permission + action performed |  | Although I was underage, I was allowed to enter the race.
be going to | prediction | My sister is going to have a baby. | The sky was dark; it was going to rain.
intention | Do you think Sam's going to apply for the job? | I was going to call you, but my battery died.
can | ability | Tom can play the piano. If you ask him, he can probably help you. |
criticism | You can be really annoying, you know! |
offers | Can I help you? |
permission | You can borrow my car if you want. Can I use your phone? Students can choose any topic for their project. |
requests | Can you lend me $10? Can I borrow your car? |
can't | ability | We can't enter this street because it's blocked. |
deduction | It's only 10 o'clock. He can't be at home. | It can't have been Carla you saw this morning. She is away on holiday.
prohibition | I'm sorry, but you can't stay here. We can't eat in the library. |
could | ability |  | I could see him through the window.
criticism | George could really help you! | George could really have helped you!
uncertainty |  | We haven't heard from him for 10 years. He could have died.
possibility | You could be right. | I could have caught the bus if I had hurried.
requests | Could you tell me where the train station is? |
general permission |  | When I was a child, I could do basically anything that I wanted to do.
asking for permission | Could I have a glass of water? |
offers | I could give you a lift. |
suggestions | You could talk to your parents and ask them. |
couldn't | possibility | The food is delicious and the staff couldn't be more polite. | It was a great year, and I couldn't have been happier.
deduction | It's only 10 o'clock. He couldn't be at home. | It couldn't have been Carla you saw this morning. She is away on holiday.
ability |  | She couldn't speak German then. I couldn't walk any further.
had better | advice | We'd better leave soon. |
have to | necessity, obligation | I have to get to work by 9 every day. You don't have to answer that question. Do you have to wear a uniform at your school? | We had to start all over again. I didn't have to wait long. What did you have to do that for?
have got to | necessity, obligation | I've got to be home soon. You haven't got to go already, have you? Has he got to pay in advance? |
may | possibility, uncertainty | You should ask him. He may know Susan's telephone number. | I may have told you this before.
permission | Children may use the pool with adult supervision. May I start my presentation? |
offers | May I carry your suitcase, Madam? |
may not | prohibition | Non-committee members may not vote on committee issues. |
possibility, uncertainty | You should introduce yourself; he may not remember you. | I had better call Anne. She may not have read my e-mail.
might | suggestions | You might consider taking up meditation. I thought you might want to read this. You might just as well order it on the internet. |
permission | Might I ask you a question? |
criticism | You might be more polite. | You might have told me you weren't coming!
possibility, uncertainty | I might see you later. | I should call Anne. She might not have read my e-mail.
must | deduction | That child is really talented. His parents must be proud of him. | That dress looks expensive. It must have cost a fortune.
obligation | I really must give up smoking. You must keep this secret. |
mustn't | prohibition | You mustn't touch that Ming vase. |
need | necessity, obligation | You needn't worry about that. You need only just ask. Need you make so much noise? | We needn't have bought any milk. We still have plenty at home.
need to | necessity, obligation | Do you have a minute? I need to talk to you about something. I don't need to be told that I should lose weight. Do you need to use the hairdryer? If you want good results, you will need to work harder. | I needed to have my hair cut. Why did they need to change the lock? We didn't need to buy any milk. We had plenty at home.
ought to | advice | You ought to thank her. |
obligation | We ought to protect the environment. | You ought to have told me earlier. Why didn't you tell me?
shall | offers | Shall I copy this document for you? |
suggestions | Shall we throw a party sometime next week? |
should | advice | You should smoke less. |
criticism | You shouldn't be sitting here just doing nothing! | I should have booked a table in advance.
obligation | I think you should leave. | You should have consulted a doctor.
suggestions | Shouldn't we have a pizza instead? |
used to | past habits and states |  | On Sundays, my parents used to take me to dance school. I didn't use to like dancing in those days.
will | requests | Will you turn off your mobile phone, please? |
prediction | If you ask him, he'll probably give you a lift. Salty water will freeze at a lower temperature than pure water. |
intentions (spontaneous offers, promises, decisions) | Come on, I'll help you with those bags. I will always love you. I'll have a wiener schnitzel. |
would | requests | Would you open the door for me? Would you mind stepping outside for a moment? |
unreal situations | It would be nice to live by the sea. It would be great to go hiking in the Appalachians again. I would help you if you asked me to. | It would have been wonderful to meet you in person. I would have helped you if you had asked me to.

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